  Index                            

                                   
  Conventions:  Most fully capitalized terms (e.g., ECHO,   
  SELECT) are command names unless otherwise noted.          

                                   
  Special Characters

  ! warning mark, 2, 174           
                                   
  ## advanced topic mark, 2, 34, 174
                                   
  $ (dollar sign), as parameter      
    character, 158, 367              
      in batch files, 90
                                     
  % sign
      and alias parameters, 183      
      and batch file parameters, 89                           
      and environment variables, 107, 108                     
      in file names, 14              
      use with variable functions, 119               
  %# and %n&
      in aliases, 184                
      in batch files, 90, 371        
  %0 to %127                         
      in aliases, 183                
      in batch files, 89, 371        
                                     
  & (ampersand)                      
      as command separator, 155, 364                          
      as parameter character, 158, 367                     
          in batch files, 90         
  && (and) in conditional commands, 81

  * (asterisk)
      as file name "wildcard", 65
      to temporarily disable an alias, 97

  + variable, 113

  ., see Current directory
  .., see Parent directory

  /, in command switches, 173

  ; (semicolon)
      in include lists, 73
      in long file names, 14, 67

  = variable, 113

  ? as file name "wildcard", 65
  ? command, 176
  ? variable, 112
  ?? variable, 112

  @ sign, See also Variable functions.
      for key codes, 31
          in a keystroke alias, 182
      in file names, 14
      to define a keystroke alias, 182
      to override batch file echo, 89, 249, 345
      to override command history save, 37
      to read a file in DO, 243
      to read a file in FOR, 266
                                     
  ^ (caret), 155, 156, 364, 365      
                                     
  _? variable, 113                   
                                     
  || (or) in conditional commands, 81                     
                                     
  4                                  
                                     
  4DOS                               
      and DESQview, 167              
      and disk caching software, 166                          
      and DR DOS, 289, 305           
      and MS-DOS 5.0 and above, 305                          
      and Windows, see Microsoft Windows                      
      configuration, 142, 329        
      memory usage, 153              
      resident portion, loading in upper memory, 153         
      REXX support in, 105           
      stack size, 167                
  4NT                                
      configuration, 142, 329        
      EXTPROC support in, 106        
      REXX support in, 106           
  4OS2                               
      configuration, 142, 329        
      EXTPROC support in, 106        
      REXX support in, 105, 106      
  4START and 4EXIT, 93, 119          
      location of, 148               
  _4VER variable, 113                
                                     
  A                                  
                                     
  Abort, Retry, Fail message, see Critical errors              
  ACTIVATE                           
      and KEYSTACK, 301              
  ACTIVATE command, 177              
  Advanced Power Management status, 114                      
  Advanced topic mark, see v         
  ALIAS command, 18, 178             
  @ALIAS function, 122               
  _ALIAS variable, 113               
  Aliases, 85, 178
      and executable extensions, 75
      and QUIT, 341
      back-quotes in, 141, 179, 183, 187
      disabling, 48, 97, 180, 368
      editing, 253
      examples, 85, 95

  Aliases (continued)
      expansion, 50, 138
          and batch file
            debugging, 100
          command line, 48
          disabling, 368
          nested, 139
      global, 150, 185
          in upper memory, 152
      in batch files, 95
      in upper memory, 152
      inheritance, in secondary shells, 167
      internal variables in, 185
      keystroke, 86, 182
          and key assignments, 161
      local, 150, 185
      multiple commands in, 179
      nested, 86, 139, 179
      order of execution, 138
      parameters, 183, 184
          expansion, 139
      reading from a file, 187
      removing, 397
      retrieving, 122
      saving and restoring, 183, 370
      setting default command options with, 180, 184
      sharing between 4DOS, 4OS2, 4NT, and Take Command, 136
      size of list, 113, 148, 319
      suspending execution of, 333
      testing for existence, 288
      variable functions in, 136, 185
  @ALTNAME function, 122
  And (&&) in conditional commands, 81
  .AND., in IF and IFF, 284, 289, 291
  ANSI driver, 25
      and CLS, 202
      and COLOR, 203                 
      and PROMPT, 338                
      and screen colors, 161         
      and scrolling, 367             
      and TEXT, 386                  
      detecting, 113                 
      escape sequences, 83, 338, 386                          
      use by 4DOS, 154               
  _ANSI variable, 113                
  _APMAC variable, 114               
  _APMBATT variable, 114             
  _APMLIFE variable, 114             
  Appending files, 204               
  Applications, waiting for, 79, 156                              
  Archive attribute, see File attributes                       
  Argument quoting, 140              
  Arguments, see Parameters          
  Arithmetic, 123, 124, 125, 130, 361                         
  ASCII, 22, 122, 123                
  @ASCII function, 122               
  ASSOC, 188                         
  ATTRIB, 189                        
  @ATTRIB function, 123              

  Attributes, see File attributes                       
  AUTOEXEC.BAT, 94                   
      location of, 148               
      parameters for, 148            
      speeding up, 381               
      starting KSTACK.COM, 62, 300                          
  Automatic batch files, 93          
  Automatic directory changes, 45                               
                                     
  B                                  
                                     
  Backspace character, 83            
  Base memory, see Memory            
  Base name, see File names, parts of                         
  .BAT files, 18, 88, 313            
  Batch files, 88                    
      "case" statements in, 382      
      aliases in, 95, 97             
      and executable extensions, 75                           
      and redirection, 59            
      automatic, 93                  
      based on command history, 282                          
      branching in, 279              
      calling, 195
      capturing output of, 100
      chaining, 195
      commands for, 91, 171
      comments in, 345
      compression, 103
      debugging, 97, 369
      detecting 4DOS, 4OS2, or 4NT from, 95
      displaying messages in, 249, 251, 350, 351, 386, 404
      echoing of commands, 89, 154, 249, 368
      environment variables in, 90
      handling Ctrl-Break, 327
      handling errors, 327
      handling strings in, 100, 368
      internal variables in, 90, 118
      interrupting, 93
      keyboard input in, 293, 296
      labels, 277, 279
          testing for existence, 289
      line numbers in, 99, 114
      loops in, 241
      modes, 88, 313
      names of, 90, 114
      nesting, 114, 195
      parameters, 89, 371
          expansion, 139
      sample, 93
      sharing between 4DOS, 4OS2, 4NT, and Take Command, 136
      starting applications from, 156
      string processing in, 100, 368
      subroutines, 277, 349
      suspending execution of, 333
      temporary variables in, 91
      terminating, 196, 341
      timing events in, 388

  Batch files (continued)
      variable functions in, 90, 136
  _BATCH variable, 114
  _BATCHLINE variable, 114
  _BATCHNAME variable, 114
  BATCOMP.EXE, 103
  BEEP, 91, 154, 192
  _BG variable, 114                  
  BIOS output                        
      and DRAWBOX, 246               
      and DRAWHLINE, 247             
      and DRAWVLINE, 248             
      and LIST, 311                  
      and SCRPUT, 352                
      and SELECT, 357                
      and VSCRPUT, 405               
      in 4DOS, 167                   
  _BOOT variable, 114                
  Border colors, see Colors          
  Boxes, drawing, on screen, 245     
  BREAK, 194                         
  .BTM files, 18, 88, 313            
                                     
  C                                  
                                     
  CALL, 91, 195                      
  CANCEL, 91, 195, 196, 341          
  Caps Lock key, 298                 
  Carriage return character, 83      
  Case (upper / lower)               
      conversion, 131, 135           
      of file names, see File names, case of PROMPT, 335                    
  "Case" statements, in batch files, 382                       
  CASE, in SWITCH, 382               
  Caveman, 156                       
  CD, 197                            
  CDD, 199                           
  CDFS file system, 129              
  CDPATH, 45, 56, 198, 199, 339      
      and extended directory searches, 56                 
      environment variable, 109      
  @CDROM function, 123               
  Changing directories, 51, 197, 199, 334, 339                    
      automatically, 45              
      CDPATH, 56                     
      extended directory searches, 53                 
      local and global history, 47                           
      returning to previous directory, 46, 52, 198, 199, 339
  @CHAR function, 123                
  CHCP, 201                          
  CHDIR, 197                         
  _CI variable, 114                  
  @CLIP function, 123                
  Clipboard
      copying files, 206
      redirecting to, 58, 59
      retrieving text from, 123, 243, 266
      viewing, 310, 396

  CLS, 91, 202
  .CMD files, 18, 88, 313
  CMDLINE environment variable, 109
  _CO variable, 114
  Code pages, see Country code
  _CODEPAGE variable, 114
  Cold reboot, 343
  COLOR, 91, 203
  COLORDIR environment variable, 109, 354
  Colors
      and ANSI driver, 25, 161
      blinking text, 28
      border, 28
      boxes, 245
      bright background, 28, 159, 364
      errors in, 28
      in directory displays, 160, 230, 354
      in directory search window, 160
      in LIST, 160, 310
      in popup window, 160
      in PROMPT, 338
      in SELECT, 160, 355
      lines, 247, 248
      names of, 27
      numbers for, 27
      setting defaults, 159, 202, 203
      setting, in 4START, 119
      standard, 161
      testing, 114, 116
      text, 351, 386, 404
      typed input, 36, 160
  _COLUMN variable, 114
  _COLUMNS variable, 114
  @COMMA function, 123
  Command grouping, 59, 81
  Command history, see History list
  Command line, 34
      arguments, see Parameters
      automatic directory changes, 45
      echoing of, 249, 250
      editing, 35, 162, 163
          mode, 35, 156, 366
      expanded, viewing, 250
      filename completion, 41        
      help, 49                       
      history, 36. See also History list.                
      history window, 39             
      input method, 157, 366         
      multiple commands, 48          
      processing, 17, 138            
      prompt, 335                    
  Command processor, 6               
  Command separator, 48, 113, 155, 364                         
      compatibility between products, 136                
      disabling, 368                 
      in IFF, 291                    
      saving and restoring, 370      
  Command tail, 17, 138              

  COMMAND.COM message server, 167                              
  Commands, 170                      
      conditional execution of, 291                          
      executing, in prompt, 126      
      external, 17, 170, 331         
          and /? help, 49            
          exit codes for, 112, 116                      
          waiting for, 79, 156       
      format of, 172                 
      help for, 49                   
      internal, 17, 170              
          disabling, 176, 365        
          testing for existence, 289                      
      length of, 35, 48, 50          
      list of, 176                   
      order of execution, 138        
      processing, 138                
      unknown, handling, 186         
  Comments                           
      .INI file, 145                 
      alias files, 187               
      batch files, 345               
      environment variable files, 362                   
  Compatibility between 4DOS,        
    4OS2, 4NT, and Take Command, 136                              
  Compound character, see Command separator                
  Compressed drives, 233, 357        
  COMSPEC environment variable, 109, 143, 400                    
  Conditional commands, 80           
      disabling, 368
  Conditions, evaluating, 130
  CONFIG.SYS, 7
  Configuration, of 4DOS, 4OS2, and 4NT, 109, 142, 329
  CONsole device, 212
  @CONVERT function, 123
  Coprocessor, see Numeric coprocessor
  COPY, 204
  Country code, 23, 24, 114, 201, 213
  _COUNTRY variable, 114
  _CPU variable, 115
  Critical errors, 79, 112
      automatic Fail response, 166
      detecting, 327
  Ctrl-Break
      at page and file prompts, 50
      checking, 194, 327
      during DELAY, 218
      during INKEY, 294, 296, 333
      during SELECT, 354
      in batch files, 93, 327
      in external programs, 112
  Ctrl-C, see Ctrl-Break
  Ctrl-X, see Escape character
  Ctrl-Z end of file mark, and COPY, 209
  CTTY, 60, 212
  Current drive and directory, 13
      changing, see Changing directories
      displaying, 198, 200

  Current drive and directory (continued)
      retrieving, 115
      saving and restoring, 339, 370
  Cursor
      determining position, 117
      positioning, 350
      shape, 155, 367
  _CWD variable, 115
  _CWDS variable, 115
  _CWP variable, 115
  _CWPS variable, 115

  D

  Daily execution of batch file, 136
  Date, 213
      converting, 123, 124, 132, 135
      file, see Files, date stamp                        
      formatting, 132                
      retrieving, 115, 116, 118      
  @DATE function, 123                
  Date ranges, 67                    
  _DATE variable, 115                
  @DAY function, 123                 
  _DAY variable, 115                 
  @DEC function, 124                 
  Decimal character, 155, 366        
      saving and restoring, 370      
  Default directory, see Current drive and directory              
  Default drive, see Current drive and directory              
  DEFAULT, in SWITCH, 382            
  DEL, 214                           
  DELAY, 218                         
  DELDIR environment variable, 216, 324                         
  Deleting files, 214                
  DESCRIBE, 162, 219                 
  @DESCRIPT function, 124            
  DESCRIPT.ION, see File descriptions                     
  Descriptions, see File descriptions                     
  DESQview                           
      and 4DOS, 167                  
      and secondary shells, 146      
      detecting, 116, 119            
  DETACH, 222                        
  Detecting 4DOS, 4OS2, or 4NT from a batch file, 95            
  @DEVICE function, 124              
  Devices, detecting, 124            
  DIR, 223                           
      and include lists, 74          
      color-coded displays, 160, 230                          
          and CTTY, 212              
      directory size limits, 232     
      displaying file                
        descriptions, and redirection, 236             
      multi-column displays, 228     
      options, 232                   
      output format, 226          
      redirected output, 231, 234

  DIR (continued)
      selecting files, 224           
  DIRCMD environment variable, 109
  Directories, see Subdirectories
  Directory history, 46
      and secondary shells, 48
      in upper memory, 152
      local and global, 47
      size of, 148
      window, 46
  Directory history list, 238
  Directory Navigation, 51. See also Changing directories.
  Directory stack, 339
      clearing, 334
      displaying, 240
  Directory tree, 12
  Directory tree, displaying, 393
  DIRHISTORY, 238
  DIRS, 240, 334, 339
  Disk drives, 9
      compressed, 233, 357
      space on, 124, 272
      swapping to, 151, 381
      testing status of, 133
      volume label, 131, 403
      write verification on, 402
  _DISK variable, 115
  @DISKFREE function, 124
  @DISKTOTAL function, 124
  @DISKUSED function, 124
  Display colors, see Colors
  _DNAME variable, 115
  DO, 91, 241
      and GOTO, 243
  DOS
      commands, help for, 49
      default command processor, 7
      memory, see Memory
  _DOS variable, 115
  DOS/V (Japan), 167
  @DOSMEM function, 124
  _DOSVER variable, 115
  @DOW function, 124
  _DOW variable, 116
  @DOWI function, 124
  _DOWI variable, 116
  @DOY function, 124
  _DOY variable, 116
  DPATH, 244
  _DPMI variable, 116
  DRAWBOX, 91, 245
  DRAWHLINE, 91, 247
  DRAWVLINE, 91, 248
  Drive, see Disk drives
  _DV variable, 116

  E                                  
                                     
  @EAREAD function, 124              
  @EAWRITE function, 125             
  ECHO, 249                          
      ANSI sequences in, 83          
      batch files, 89, 91, 99, 345                          
          default state, 154, 368                      
          inheritance, 195           
      command line, 250              
  ECHOERR, 249                       
  ECHOS, 91, 251                     
  ECHOSERR, 251                      
  Editing aliases and environment variables, 253       
  ELSE and ELSEIFF, in IFF, 291      
  EMS, see Memory                    
  @EMS function, 125                 
  ENDDO, in DO, 241                  
  ENDIFF, in IFF, 291                
  ENDLOCAL, 91, 97, 252, 370, 399                              
  ENDSWITCH, in SWITCH, 382          
  ENDTEXT, 92, 386                   
  _ENV variable, 116                 
  Environment, 21, 107, 360          
      commands for, 171              
      in upper memory, 152           
      master, 108, 132, 253, 361, 400                     
      saving and restoring, 370      
      size of, 107, 149, 361         
          displaying, 319            
          testing, 116               
  Environment variables, 21, 107, 360                         
      and INKEY, 293                 
      and INPUT, 296                 
      characters in name, 107        
      editing, 253                   
      expansion, 50, 139             
          and batch file debugging, 100           
          disabling, 368             
          nested, 108                
      for current directory, in Windows NT, 110              
      nesting, 107                   
      reading from a file, 362       
      referencing, 107               
      removing, 399                  
      spaces in, 360                 
      testing for existence, 288     
  ERASE, 214                         
  Error level, see Exit codes
  Error messages, 408
  ERRORLEVEL
      variable, 116
  Errors
      codes, see Exit codes
      handling, in batch files, 327
      system error codes, 117

  Escape character, 83, 113, 156, 365
      compatibility between products, 136
      saving and restoring, 370
  ESET, 109, 162, 253, 361
      and PATH, 331
  @EVAL function, 125, 156, 365
  EXCEPT, 81, 255
      and DEL /Z, 217
  @EXEC function, 126
  @EXECSTR function, 126
  Executable extensions, 18, 75, 139, 331
      and filename completion, 42
      and Personal REXX, 105
      and Windows file associations, 78
      wildcards in, 77
  @EXETYPE function, 126
  EXIT, 257
  Exit codes, 139
      and CALL, 195
      and CANCEL, 196
      and conditional commands, 80
      and DEL, 215
      and EXIT, 257
      and GLOBAL, 275
      and IF tests, 288
      and PROMPT, 336
      and QUIT, 341, 349
      retrieving, 112, 116
  @EXPAND function, 126
  Expanded memory, see Memory
  @EXT function, 126
  Extended
      ASCII, 23
      key codes, 24
  Extended ASCII, see ASCII
  Extended attributes, 16
      .LONGNAME, 208, 323
      and COPY, 208
      and file descriptions, 156
      and MOVE, 323
      reading and writing, 124, 125
  Extended directory searches, 53, 198, 199, 339                
      and CDPATH, 56                 
      and wildcards, 55              
      database, 53, 200              
          automatic updates, 216, 317, 322, 325, 342, 346                 
      options, 54, 157               
      popup window, 154, 160         
  @EXTENDED function, 127            
  Extended memory, see Memory        
  Extended parent directory names, 64                        
  Extension, see File names          
  External commands, see Commands                         
  EXTPROC support, in 4OS2 and 4NT, 106
                                     
  F                                  
                                     
  FAT file system, see File systems                          
  FFIND, 258                         
  _FG variable, 116                  
  File attributes, 15, 189           
      and COPY, 207, 210, 211        
      and DEL, 217                   
      and DIR, 223, 233, 236         
      and EXCEPT, 255                
      and FOR, 270                   
      and GLOBAL, 275                
      and MOVE, 324                  
      and REN, 347                   
      and SELECT, 357                
      of subdirectories, 190         
      setting, 189                   
      testing, 123                   
      viewing, 189                   
  File descriptions, 219             
      and extended attributes, 156                          
      controlling processing of, 156, 364                     
      displaying, and redirection, 236             
      file name for, 115, 155, 220                          
      length of, 155, 220, 227, 354                          
      retrieving, 124                
      selecting files by, 225, 234, 357, 358                
      sorting by, 236, 261, 358      
  File exclusion ranges, 72          
  File names, 9, 14
      alternate, under Windows NT, 122
      case of, 14, 111, 159, 367
      FAT-compatible, 14
      length of, 14
      long, 14
          and wildcards, 75
          converting, 42, 131, 134
          disabling, 168
          displaying, 227, 229, 237, 354, 359
          extension, 15, 126
          quoting, 15, 120
          searching for, 74
          semicolons in, 14, 67
      parts of, 9, 126, 127, 130, 132
      short, 14
          converting, 42, 131, 134
          displaying, 228, 229, 237, 354, 359
      shorthand for, 64
      unique, 135
  File processing prompts, 50
  File Systems, 10
      date and time stamps, 16, 71, 127, 128, 236, 359
      detecting, 129
      path length, 13
  @FILEAGE function, 127
  @FILECLOSE function, 127
  @FILEDATE function, 127

  Filename completion, 41
      customizing, 43, 156
      window, 44
  @FILENAME function, 127
  @FILEOPEN function, 127
  @FILEREAD function, 127
  Files, 9
      adding line numbers to, 396
      allocated size of, 128, 234
      commands for, 171
      copying, 204
      counting, 127
      counting lines in, 131
      date stamp, 16, 127, 132, 213, 223
          modifying, 391
      deleting, 214
          forced, 216, 324
      destroying, 216
      displaying, 308, 396
      excluding, from commands, 72, 255                      
      executable                     
          types of, 126              
      finding, 129                   
      moving, 321, 346               
      reading and writing, 127, 128, 131, 243, 266           
      renaming, 346                  
      searching for, 133             
      selecting, 64, 353             
          date, time, and size ranges, 67               
          exclusion ranges, 72       
          extended parent directory names, 64      
          include lists, 73          
          multiple filenames, 72     
          wildcards, 64              
      selecting lines from, 134      
      size of, 128, 223              
      testing for existence, 288     
      time stamp, 16, 127, 128, 132, 223, 387                
          modifying, 391             
      true path of, 134, 395         
  @FILES function, 127               
  @FILESEEK function, 128            
  @FILESEEKL function, 128           
  @FILESIZE function, 128            
  @FILETIME function, 128            
  @FILEWRITE function, 128           
  @FILEWRITEB function, 128          
  @FINDCLOSE function, 129           
  @FINDFIRST function, 129           
  @FINDNEXT function, 129            
  FOR, 81, 92, 263
      and GOSUB, 269                 
  Form feed character, 83
  @FORMAT function, 129              
  FREE, 272                          
  Free memory, see Memory            
  @FSTYPE function, 129              
  FTYPE, 273                         

  @FULL function, 130                
                                     
  G                                  
                                     
  General Concepts, 6                
  GLOBAL, 81, 275                    
  GOSUB, 91, 277, 349                
      and FOR, 269                   
  GOTO, 91, 279                      
      and DO, 243                    
      and IFF, 292                   
      and SWITCH, 384                

  H

  HELP, 49, 281
      books to load, in 4OS2, 149
      location of files, in 4DOS, 149, 150
      options, in 4DOS, 149
  Help system, 4
  Hidden attribute, see File attributes
  HISTORY, 282
  History list, 36, 282
      and secondary shells, 40, 186
      controlling, 157, 282
      copying commands to end, 37, 157
      global, 40, 150
          in upper memory, 153
      inheritance, in secondary shells, 167
      local, 40, 150
      local and global, 150
      moving commands to end, 37, 157
      reading from a file, 283
      size of, 149
      size of list, 319
  History windows
      command line, 39
      directory, 46
  _HLOGFILE variable, 116
  HMA, see Memory
  _HOUR variable, 116
  HPFS file system, see File systems

  I

  IF, 81, 92, 284
      conditions, 285
  @IF function, 130
  IFF, 92, 291
      and GOSUB, 277
      and GOTO, 292
      conditions, 285
  @INC function, 130
  Include lists, 73
  @INDEX function, 130

  .INI file, 142, 329
      advanced directives, 166
      and installation, 143
      and SETDOS, 146, 153, 363
      changing, for secondary shells, 166
      color directives, 159
      comments in, 145               
      configuration directives, 153                          
      directives, 144                
      errors in, 145, 149, 151       
      global section, 144            
      initialization directives, 148                          
      key mapping directives, 161                          
      location of, and multitaskers, 146            
      primary section, 144
      prompts during execution, 149                          
      secondary section, 144         
  @INIREAD function, 130             
  @INIWRITE function, 130            
  INKEY, 92, 293                     
  INPUT, 92, 162, 296                
  Input and output, commands for, 171                         
  @INSERT function, 130              
  Installable file systems (OS/2), 11, 129                  
  @INSTR function, 130               
  INT 2E support (4DOS), 167         
  @INT function, 131                 
  Internal commands, see Commands                         
  Internal variables, 110. See also names of individual variables.                       
      in aliases, 185                
      in batch files, 90, 118        
  International character sets, 23, 24, 201, 246, 247, 248       
  Internet URLs, 78, 79              
  ITERATE, in DO, 241                
                                     
  K                                  
                                     
  _KBHIT variable, 116               
  KEYBD, 298                         
  Keyboard                           
      Caps Lock, Num Lock, and Scroll Lock, 298             
      checking buffer, 116, 294, 297                          
      clearing buffer, 294, 297, 302                          
  Keys, 299                          
      codes, 22                      
      F11 and F12, using, 31         
      mapping, 161
          clearing default key map, 166
      names, 30, 182
  KEYSTACK, 62, 92, 100, 300
      and ACTIVATE, 301
  Keystroke aliases, see Aliases
  _KSTACK variable, 116
  KSTACK.COM, 62, 300
      detecting, 116

  L

  @LABEL function, 131
  Labels, in batch files, 277, 279
  _LASTDISK variable, 116
  LEAVE, in DO, 241
  @LEFT function, 131
  @LEN function, 131
  LFN file system, see File systems
  @LFN function, 131
  LH, 305
  LIM EMS, see Memory
  Line feed character, 83
  @LINE function, 131
  @LINES function, 131
  Lines, drawing, on screen, 247, 248
  LIST, 308
      default colors, 160
      keys used with, 162, 165
      print device for, 158
      screen size, 159, 367
  LOADBTM, 88, 92, 313
  LOADHIGH, 305
  LOCK, 314
  LOG, 100, 315
  _LOGFILE variable, 116
  Logging, 315
      file names, 116, 157, 158
  Long file names, see File names, long
  Loops, in batch files, 241
  @LOWER function, 131
  @LPT function, 132

  M

  @MAKEAGE function, 132
  @MAKEDATE function, 132
  @MAKETIME function, 132
  Master environment, see Environment
  @MASTER function, 132
  MD, 317                            
  Memory, 319                        
      amount available, 124          
      expanded (EMS), 125            
      extended, 127
          XMS, 135                   
      location of DOS, 401
      status, 319                    
      types, and 4DOS swapping, 151, 381                     
      upper memory blocks (UMBs), 152, 153, 305        
  Memory resident programs, see TSRs                             
  Messages, displaying, 249, 251     
  Microsoft SMARTDRV, and 4DOS, 167                              
  Microsoft Windows                  
      and screen colors, 30          
      and secondary shells, 146      
      clipboard, see Clipboard       
      default command processor (Windows NT), 7              

  Microsoft Windows (continued)
      detecting, 115, 118            
      directories                    
          retrieving, 118            
      Explorer, starting, 377        
      file associations, 18, 20, 77, 188, 273                 
          "direct" and "indirect", 20, 78       
          and executable extensions, 78           
          disabling, 20, 78, 150     
          displaying and modifying, 188           
          starting applications, 77                       
      file types, 20, 273            
          displaying and modifying, 273           
  Microsoft Windows 95 and Windows NT, see Microsoft Windows                          
  _MINUTE variable, 116              
  MKDIR, 317                         
  _MONITOR variable, 116             
  @MONTH function, 132               
  _MONTH variable, 116               
  _MOUSE variable, 116               
  MOVE, 321                          
      and extended attributes, 323                          
      and SELECT, 322
  MSGBOX, 326                        
  Multiple commands, 48
      disabling, 368
      in aliases, 179
      separator character, see Command separator

  N

  @NAME function, 132
  _NDP variable, 117
  Netware, see Novell Netware
  Networks
      disk swapping on, 167
  .NOT., in IF and IFF, 284, 289, 291
  Novell Netware, and 4DOS, 167
  NTFS file system, see File systems
  Num Lock key, 298
  Numbers
      calculating, 125, 361
      comparing, 285
      converting bases, 123
      formatting, 123, 129
      parts of, 131
      testing strings for, 132
  Numeric coprocessor, 117
  @NUMERIC function, 132

  O

  ON, 327
  Operating system, 6
      detecting, 115
  OPTION, 329
  Options, in commands, 173
  Or (||) in conditional commands, 81

  .OR., in IF and IFF, 284, 289, 291
  OS/2
      and screen colors, 30
      clipboard, see Clipboard
      commands, help for, 170
      default command processor, 7
      detecting, 115
      DOS sessions, 115
          extended attributes and, 208, 323
          in OS/2 version 2.0, 8, 118

  P

  Paged output, 50, 159
  Parameter character, 158, 367      
      compatibility between products, 136                
      in aliases, 184                
      in batch files, 90             
      saving and restoring, 370      
  Parameters                         
      expansion, 139                 
      in aliases, 183, 184           
      in batch files, 89, 371        
  Parent directory, 13, 64, 197, 199, 317                         
  PATH command, 331                  
  PATH environment variable, 110     
      "." in, 332                    
      and @SEARCH variable function, 133
      changing, 253, 331             
      format of, 331
      invalid directory in, 332      
      length of, 332                 
      viewing, 331                   
  @PATH function, 132                
  Path, of a file, 9, 13
      and aliases, 86                
      extracting from full file name, 132                    
      finding full path name, 130                          
      finding true path, 134, 395                          
      if omitted, 13                 
      in executable extensions, 76                           
      in include lists, 73           
      length of, 13                  
  PAUSE, 92, 99, 333                 
  Percent sign, see % sign           
  _PID variable, 117                 
  _PIPE variable, 117                
  Pipes, 61, 385                     
      disabling, 368                 
      in 4OS2 and 4NT, 62            
      named, 127                     
      nested, 61                     
      testing for, 117               
  POPD, 240, 334, 339                
  Popup windows, 32                  
      color of, 160                  
      position and size of, 158      
  _PPID variable, 117

  Previous working directory, returning to, 198, 199           
  Primary shell, see Shell           
  [Primary], see .INI file           
  Printer                            
      checking status of, 132        
      sending control codes to, 84
      sending files to, 204
      use in LIST, 310
  Process
      ID number, 117
      type, 117
  PROMPT command, 335
      ANSI sequences in, 83, 338
      changing for secondary shell, 119
  PROMPT environment variable, 110
  _PTYPE variable, 117
  PUSHD, 240, 334, 339

  Q

  QUIT, 92, 195, 196, 341
  Quoting
      arguments, 140
      file names, 15

  R

  RAM, see Memory
  RAM disk, 9
  @RANDOM function, 132
  Ranges
      date, time, and size, 67
      file exclusion, 72
  RD, 342
  Read-only attribute, see File attributes
  @READSCR function, 133
  @READY function, 133
  REBOOT, 343
  Redirection, 58
      alternative methods, 385, 407
      and batch files, 59
          capturing output, 100
      and command grouping, 59, 82
      and NoClobber, 59, 366
      disabling, 368
      nested, 60
      numeric file handles, 60
      preventing file overwrites, 158
  Registration, 5
  REM, 92, 345
  @REMOTE function, 133
  @REMOVABLE function, 133
  REN, 321, 346
  RENAME, 321, 346
  @REPEAT function, 133              
  @REPLACE function, 133             
  RETURN, 91, 277, 349               
  @REXX function, 133                

  REXX support, 104, 133             
  @RIGHT function, 133               
  RMDIR, 342                         
  Root directory, 13                 
  _ROW variable, 117                 
  _ROWS variable, 117                
                                     
  S                                  
                                     
  Scan codes, see Keys, codes        
  Screen, 92, 350. See also Colors.                          
      clearing, 202                  
      reading text from, 133         
      size, 25, 159, 367             
          detecting, 114, 117, 118                      
  Scroll Lock key, 298               
  SCRPUT, 92, 351                    
  @SEARCH function, 133              
  Search path, see PATH environment variable             
  _SECOND variable, 117              
  Secondary shell, see Shell         
  [Secondary], see .INI file         
  SELECT, 353                        
      and command grouping, 356      
      and include lists, 74          
      and MOVE, 322                  
      color-coded displays, 160, 354, 358                     
      default colors, 160, 355       
      keys used with, 162            
      screen size, 159, 367          
  @SELECT function, 134              
  Selecting                          
      files, See also File selection.                   
  Semicolon, see ;                   
  Session ID number, 117             
  SET, 108, 360                      
  SETDOS, 363                        
      /A(NSI), 154, 203, 364         
      /B(rightBG), 29, 160, 364      
      /C(ompound character), 137, 155, 364                
      /D(escriptions), 156, 364      
      /E(scape character), 137, 156, 365                     
      /G (separators), 366           
      /I(nternal), 176, 289, 365     
      /L(ine), 158, 366              
      /M(ode), 156, 366              
      /N(o clobber), 158, 366
      /P(arameter character), 137, 158, 367
      /R(ows), 159, 367
      /S(hape), 155, 367
      /U(pper), 111, 159, 234, 260, 367
      /V(erbose), 89, 154, 368
      /X (expansion), 102, 108, 122, 140, 141, 181, 368
      /Y (debug), 369
      and .INI file, 146, 363
  SETLOCAL, 91, 92, 97, 370, 399
  @SFN function, 134

  Shell, 1
      level, 117, 336
      primary, 8
      secondary, 8
          inheritance, 146, 167, 363
  _SHELL variable, 117
  SHIFT, 90, 92, 371
  Short file names, see File names, short
  SHRALIAS, 40, 48, 186, 372
  _SID variable, 117
  Size ranges, 67
  SMARTDRV, see Microsoft SMARTDRV
  Sound, see BEEP
  Special characters, compatibility between products, 136
  Stack size, in 4DOS, 167
  Standard error, 57, 58, 250, 251
  Standard input, 57, 58, 311, 385, 407
  Standard output, 57, 58, 385, 407
  START, 92, 374
  Startup command line, viewing, in 4START, 93
  Status tests, in IF and IFF, 288
  Stopwatch, see TIMER
  Strings
      comparing, 285
      counting words, 135
      extracting substrings, 130, 131, 133, 134
      finding words, 135
      formatting, 123, 129
      inserting text, 130
      length, 131
      removing characters, 134
      repeating characters, 133      
      replacing characters, 133      
      searching, 130                 
      testing for numeric digits, 132                  
  @STRIP function, 134               
  Subdirectories, 12                 
      attributes of, 190             
      changing, see Changing directories                  
      commands for, 171              
      copying, 210                   
      creating, 317                  
      deleting files from, 216       
      descriptions for, 219          
      displaying tree, 393           
      executing commands in, 275     
      hidden, 275                    
      moving, 321, 325               
      name, maximum length of, 13                           
      removing, 216, 325, 342        
      renaming, 346                  
      testing for, 288               
      testing for existence, 288     
  Subdirectory attribute, see File attributes                  
  @SUBSTR function, 134
  Support, 5                         
  Swap file (OS/2), 319

  Swapping, 151                      
      enabling and disabling, 381                          
      file names used by, 151, 168                          
      types of, 151                  
  SWAPPING command, 381              
  _SWAPPING variable, 117            
  SWITCH, 382                        
      and GOTO, 384                  
  Switches, in commands, 173         
  _SYSERR variable, 117              
  System                             
      attribute, see File attributes                   
      rebooting, 343
                                     
  T                                  
                                     
  Tab character, 83                  
  Tab stops, 159                     
  Technical support, 5               
  TEE, 61, 385                       
  TEMP environment variable, 110     
  TEMP4DOS environment variable, 110                              
  TEXT, 92, 386
  THEN, in IFF, 291
  Thousands character, 159, 366
      saving and restoring, 370
  Time, 387
      converting, 134
      display format, 153
      file, see Files, time stamp
      formatting, 132
      retrieving, 116, 117
  @TIME function, 134
  Time ranges, 67
  _TIME variable, 117
  TIMER, 92, 134, 388
  @TIMER function, 134
  TITLE, 390
  TOUCH, 391
  _TRANSIENT variable, 117
  TREE, 393
  @TRIM function, 134
  TRUENAME, 395
  @TRUENAME function, 134
  TSRs
      and .BTM files, 313
      and SETLOCAL, 370
      and swapping state, 381
  TYPE, 396

  U

  UMBs, see Memory
  UNALIAS, 97, 397
  @UNIQUE function, 135
  Unknown commands, handling, 186
  UNKNOWN_CMD alias, 20, 186
  UNLOCK, 398

  UNSET, 91, 109, 399
  UNTIL, in DO, 241
  Upgrades, 5
  @UPPER function, 135
  Upper memory, see Memory
  URLs, 78, 79

  V

  Variable expansion, see Environment variables, expansion
  Variable functions, 119. See also names of individual functions.
      in aliases, 136, 185
      in batch files, 90, 136
  VER, 401
  VERIFY, 211, 325, 402
  Version numbers, 113, 115, 118, 401                         
  Vertical text display, 404         
  Video hardware, 24
      detecting, 116, 118            
  _VIDEO variable, 118
  Virtual disk, see RAM disk         
  VOL, 403                           
  Volume, see Disk drives            
  Volume label, see Disk drives      
  Volume label attribute, see File attributes                  
  VSCRPUT, 92, 404
                                     
  W                                  

  Warm reboot, 343
  Warning mark, see !
  WHILE, in DO, 241
  @WILD function, 135
  Wildcards, 64
      and @SEARCH variable function, 133
      and filename completion, 41
      and renaming subdirectories, 348
      comparing, 135
      expanding, 126
      extended, 65
          and DEL, 216
      in executable extensions, 77
      in include lists, 73
      in multiple filenames, 72
  _WIN variable, 118
  _WINDIR variable, 118
  WINDOW, 406
  Windows, See also Microsoft Windows.
      commands for, 171
      controlling state of, 153, 177, 406
      retrieving title of, 118
      size of, 153
      testing for existence, 289
      title of, 177
  _WINSYSDIR variable, 118
  _WINTITLE variable, 118
  _WINVER variable, 118
  @WORD function, 135

  @WORDS function, 135

  X

  XMS, see Memory
  @XMS function, 135
  .XOR., in IF and IFF, 284, 289, 291
  _XPIXELS variable, 118

  Y

  Y, 61, 407
  @YEAR function, 135
  _YEAR variable, 118
  _YPIXELS variable, 118

  Z

  Zero-length files, creating, 60, 345, 392
